He was the son of the politician Xanthippus, who, though ostracized in 485–484 BC, returned to Athens to command the Athenian contingent in the Greek victory at Mycale just five years later. He, along with several members of his family, succumbed to the Plague of Athens in 429 BC, which weakened the city-state during a protracted conflict with Sparta.

Pericles was descended, through his mother, from the powerful and historically-influential Alcmaeonid family. Pericles also fostered Athenian democracy to such an extent that critics called him a populist. This project beautified and protected the city, exhibited its glory and gave work to its people. He started an ambitious project that generated most of the surviving structures on the Acropolis, including the Parthenon. Pericles promoted the arts and literature, and it is principally through his efforts that Athens acquired the reputation of being the educational and cultural center of the ancient Greek world. The period during which he led Athens, roughly from 461 to 429 BC, is sometimes known as the ' Age of Pericles', but the period thus denoted can include times as early as the Persian Wars or as late as the following century. Pericles turned the Delian League into an Athenian empire and led his countrymen during the first two years of the Peloponnesian War. He was prominent and influential in Ancient Athenian politics, particularly between the Greco-Persian Wars and the Peloponnesian War, and was acclaimed by Thucydides, a contemporary historian, as 'the first citizen of Athens'. 495 – 429 BC) was a Greek politician and general during the Golden Age of Athens.

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